Saturday, October 31, 2020

Principle of Economics (Part 1 : Microeconomics Term)

 


嗨,各位大学生,大家好。以前form 4,5,6 时我们都是用马来西亚文来学ekonomi这科目,然而来到大学时economy教学已变成以英文为主,相信有些有拿economy subject的同学们难免也会有点不习惯或适应不来。没关系,以下是博主刚刚才整理好的一些笔记,都是关于一小部分的microeconomic 的词汇(双语的),希望能够帮助到你们。

Principle of Economics

Part 1 : Microeconomics term

Chapter 1

Microeconomics

Mikroekonomi

Resources

 

Sumber ekonomi

(Faktor pengeluaran)

Land

Tanah

Labor

Buruh

Capital

Modal

Entrepreneurship

Usahawan

Rent

(Return earn by land owner)

Sewa

(Ganjaran kepada pemilik tanah)

Wages

(Return earn by labor)

Upah

(Ganjaran kepada buruh)

Interest

(Payment to capital owner)

Kadar bunga

(Ganjaran kepada pemilik modal)

Payment

(Payment to entrepreneurship)

Untung

(Ganjaran kepada usahawan)

Wants

Kehendak

Scarcity

(Unlimited human wants > limited resources)

Masalah kekurangan

(Kehendak manusia yang tidak terhad > Sumber ekonomi yang terhad)

Choice

Pilihan

Opportunity costs

Kos lepas

Free goods

(the goods that have not opportunity cost like air & rain water)

 

Barang percuma

(barang anugerah Tuhan seperti udara & air hujan)

Economic goods

(the goods that with some benefits to society and have their costs and prices like car & laptop)

Barang ekonomi

(barang melibatkan kos & harga dan bersifat kekurangan seperti kereta & computer riba)

Public goods

(the goods that have characteristics of non-rivalry and non-excludability like street lighting & law and order)

Barang awam

(barang yang tidak tertakluk kepada prinsip pengecualian seperti perkhidmatan pertahanan negara)

Private goods

(the goods that owned by consumers after purchases)

Barang persendirian

(barang yang dimiliki oleh pengguna secara pensendirian)

 

Chapter 2

Production possibilities frontier

Keluk kemungkinan pengeluaran

Constant opportunity cost

(The opportunity cost of producing either good is constant)

Kos lepas malar

(untuk tambah 1 unit barang, ekonomi terpaksa kurangkan kuantiti barang lain dengan jumlah yang sama)

Increasing opportunity cost

(The opportunity cost of producing some goods increases as more the goods are produced)

Kos lepas meningkat

(untuk tambah 1 unit barang, ekonomi terpaksa kurangkan kuantiti barang lain dengan jumlah yang semakin meningkat)

Productive efficiency

Kecekapan pengeluaran

Productive inefficiency

(Resources are not fully used)

Ketidakcekapan pengeluaran

(Pembaziran sumber)

Fully employed

Guna tenaga penuh

Unemployment

Pengangguran

Traditional economic system

Sistem ekonomi traditional

Command economic system

Sistem ekonomi perancangan pusat / sosialis

Market economic system

Sistem ekonomi pasaran bebas / kapitalis

Mixed economic system

Sistem ekonomi campuran

 

Chapter 3

Market

Pasaran

Demand

Permintaan

Demand curve

Keluk permintaan

Factors causing a shift in the demand curve

Faktor yang mempengaruhi perubahan pengalihan keluk permintaan

Income

(Disposable income by customer)

Pendapatan

(Pendapatan boleh guna oleh pengguna)

Price of substitute goods

Harga barang pengganti

Price of complementary goods

Harga barang penggenap

Number of buyers

Bilangan pembeli

Expectations of future prices

Jangkaan harga untuk masa depan

Normal good

(Relationship between the consumer income and the demand of normal good are positive)

Barang normal

(Hubungan antara pendapatan pengguna dengan permintaan barang normal adalah positif)

Inferior good

(Relationship between the consumer income and the demand of inferior good are negative)

Barang bawahan

(Hubungan antara pendapatan pengguna dengan permintaan barang bawahan adalah negatif) (Contoh: beras hancur)

Necessity good

(The demand of necessity goods is not affected by consumer income)

Barang mesti

(Hubungan antara pendapatan pengguna dengan permintaan barang mesti adalah sifar) (Contoh: beras)

Preferences

(Change in preferences in favor)

Cita rasa pengguna

Substitute goods

(two goods that satisfy similar needs or desires) (Exp : Pepsi & Coca-cola)

Barang pengganti

(Barang yang dapat menggantikan fungsi barang lain) (Contoh: Milo dan Vico)

Complementary goods

(Two goods that are used jointly in consumption) (Exp : Car & Petrol)

Barang penggenap

(Barang yang digunakan secara bersama dengan barang lain) (Contoh: pen dan dakwat)

Supply

Penawaran

Supply curve

Keluk penawaran

Factors that cause the supply curve to shift

Faktor yang mempengaruhi perubahan pengalihan keluk penawaran

Prices of relevant resources

Harga untuk sumber pengeluaran

Technology

Teknologi

Prices of other goods

Harga barang lain

Number of sellers

Bilangan penjual

Expectation of future prices

Jangkaan harga untuk masa hadapan

Taxes

Cukai

Subsidies

Sudsidi

Government restrictions

Kawalan oleh kerajaan

Market equilibrium

(Equilibrium price = Equilibrium quantity)

Keseimbangan pasaran

(Harga keseimbangan = Kuantiti keseimbangan)

Equilibrium price

(The price at which quantity demanded of the good equals quantity supplied)

Harga keseimbangan

(Harga yang sanggup dibayar oleh pengguna = Harga yang sanggup diterima oleh pengeluar)

Equilibrium quantity

(The quantity that corresponds to equilibrium price)

Kuantiti keseimbangan

(Kuantiti diminta oleh pengguna = kuantiti ditawar oleh pengeluar)

Surplus (Excess supply)

Lebihan (Lebihan penawaran)

Shortage (Excess demand)

Kekurangan (Lebihan permintaan)

Disequilibrium

Ketidakseimbangan

Consumer surplus

(The maximum price is willing and able to pay – The price actually paid)

Lebihan pengguna

(Harga yang sanggup dibayar – Harga yang sebenar dibayar)

Producer surplus

(The actual price that received by sellers – The minimum price for which would have sold the good)

Lebihan pengeluar

(Harga yang sebenar diterima – Harga yang sanggup diterima)

 

Chapter 4

Elasticity

Keanjalan

Price elasticity of demand (Ed)

Keanjalan permintaan harga

Elastic (1 < Ed < )

Anjal

Inelastic (0 < Ed < 1)

Tak anjal

Unit elastic (Ed = 1)

Anjal satu

Perfectly elastic (Ed = )

Anjal sempurna

Perfectly inelastic (Ed = 0)

Tak anjal sempurna

Cross elasticity of demand (Ex)

If goods are substitudes, Ex > 0.

If goods are complements, Ex < 0.

If goods are neutral, Ex = 0.

Keanjalan permintaan silang

Bagi barang pengganti, Ex > 0.

Bagi barang penggenap, Ex < 0.

Bagi barang neutral, Ex = 0.

Income elasticity of demand (EY)

Necessity goods (EY = 0)

Normal goods (0 < EY < 1)

Luxury goods / Superior goods (1 < EY < )

Inferior goods (EY < 0)

Keanjalan permintaan pendapatan

Bagi barang mesti, EY = 0.

Bagi barang normal, 0 < EY < 1.

Bagi barang mewah, 1 < EY < .

Bagi barang bawahan, EY < 0.

 

Price elasticity of supply (ES)

Keanjalan penawaran harga


Chapter 6

Firm

Firma

Profit

Untung

Revenue

(Price × Output)

Hasil

(Harga × Output)

Cost

Kos

Explicit cost

(A cost incurred when an actual (monetary) payment is made)

Kos eksplisit

(kos yang dibayar oleh firma dengan wang untuk mendapatkan faktor pengeluaran yang tidak dimiliki firma berkenaan tetapi dimiliki oleh pihak lain dalam proses pengeluaran)

Implicit cost

(A cost that represents the value of resources used in production for which no actual (monetary) payment is made (opportunity cost))

Kos implisit

(kos yang ditanggung oleh firma yang tidak melibatkan pembayaran wang untuk mendapatkan faktor pengeluaran yang dimiliki sendiri dalam proses pengeluaran)

Accounting profit

(Total revenue – Explicit cost)

Untung perakaunan

(Jumlah hasil – Kos eksplisit)

Economic profit

(Total revenue – Explicit cost – Implicit cost)

Untung ekonomi

(Jumlah hasil – Kos eksplisit – Kos implisit)

Supernormal profit

(Total revenue > Total cost)

Untung lebih normal

(Jumlah hasil > Jumlah kos)

Normal profit

(Total revenue = Total cost)

Untung normal

(Jumlah hasil = Jumlah kos)

Abnormal profit (Loss)

(Total revenue < Total cost)

Untung kurang normal (Rugi)

(Jumlah hasil < Jumlah kos)

Fixed input

Input tetap

Variable input

Input berubah

Marginal physical product (MPP)

(The change in total physical output ÷ The change in quantity of variable input)

Keluaran fizikal sut

(Perubahan jumlah keluaran fizikal ÷ Perubahan kuantiti input berubah)

Total physical product (TPP)

Jumlah keluaran fizikal

Average physical product (APP)

(Total physical output ÷ Quantity of variable input)

Keluaran fizikal purata

(Jumlah keluaran fizikal ÷ kuantiti input berubah)

Fixed cost

Kos tetap

Average fixed cost (AFC)

(Total fixed cost ÷ Total output)

Kos tetap purata

(Jumlah kos tetap ÷ Jumlah keluaran)

Variable cost

Kos berubah

Average variable cost (AVC)

(Total variable cost ÷ Total output)

Kos berubah purata

(Jumlah kos berubah ÷ Jumlah keluaran)

Average cost

(Total cost ÷ Total cost)

Kos purata

(Jumlah kos ÷ Jumlah keluaran)

Total cost

(Fixed cost + Variable cost)

(Implicit cost + Explicit cost)

Jumlah kos

(Kos tetap + Kos berubah)

(Kos implisit + Kos eksplisit)

Marginal cost

(The change of total cost ÷ The change of total output)

Kos sut

(Perubahan jumlah kos ÷ Perubahan jumlah keluaran)

Sunk cost

Kos hangus

Long-run average cost curve

Keluk kos purata jangka panjang

Short-run average cost curve

Keluk kos purata jangka pendek

 

Chapter 8 & 9

Market structure

Struktur pasaran

Perfect competition firm

Firma persaingan sempurna

Average revenue

(Total revenue ÷ Output)

Hasil purata

(Jumlah hasil ÷ Output)

Marginal revenue

(The change of total revenue ÷ The change of total output)

Hasil sut

(Perubahan jumlah hasil ÷ Perubahan output)

Monopoly market

Pasaran monopoli

Price Discrimination

Deskriminasi harga

 谢谢你们的阅读。至于Part 2,有空的话我会继续更新。


3 comments:

  1. 虽然忘了form 6 的economy,但看到这些马来语版本回忆起了。谢谢博主!!

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. 不客气,我也很高兴能够让你回忆起Ah yeap所教的东西,哈哈哈

      Delete

BEEB 1013 Introduction to Macroeconomic 宏观经济学的简介

UUM BEEB 1013 Principles of Economics Chapter 20: Introduction to Macroeconomics 20.1 Macroeconomic Concerns Output Growth 1) Busine...