嗨,各位大学生,大家好。以前form
4,5,6 时我们都是用马来西亚文来学ekonomi这科目,然而来到大学时economy教学已变成以英文为主,相信有些有拿economy
subject的同学们难免也会有点不习惯或适应不来。没关系,以下是博主刚刚才整理好的一些笔记,都是关于一小部分的microeconomic
的词汇(双语的),希望能够帮助到你们。
Principle of Economics
Part 1 : Microeconomics term
Chapter 1
Microeconomics |
Mikroekonomi |
Resources
|
Sumber ekonomi (Faktor pengeluaran) |
Land |
Tanah |
Labor |
Buruh |
Capital |
Modal |
Entrepreneurship |
Usahawan |
Rent (Return earn by land owner) |
Sewa (Ganjaran kepada pemilik tanah) |
Wages (Return earn by labor) |
Upah (Ganjaran kepada buruh) |
Interest (Payment to capital owner) |
Kadar bunga (Ganjaran kepada pemilik modal) |
Payment (Payment to entrepreneurship) |
Untung (Ganjaran kepada usahawan) |
Wants |
Kehendak |
Scarcity (Unlimited human wants > limited
resources) |
Masalah kekurangan (Kehendak manusia yang tidak terhad
> Sumber ekonomi yang terhad) |
Choice |
Pilihan |
Opportunity costs |
Kos lepas |
Free goods (the goods that have not
opportunity cost like air & rain water)
|
Barang percuma (barang anugerah Tuhan seperti
udara & air hujan) |
Economic goods (the goods that with some benefits
to society and have their costs and prices like car & laptop) |
Barang ekonomi (barang melibatkan kos & harga
dan bersifat kekurangan seperti kereta & computer riba) |
Public goods (the goods that have
characteristics of non-rivalry and non-excludability like street lighting
& law and order) |
Barang awam (barang yang tidak tertakluk kepada
prinsip pengecualian seperti perkhidmatan pertahanan negara) |
Private goods (the goods that owned by consumers
after purchases) |
Barang persendirian (barang yang dimiliki oleh pengguna
secara pensendirian) |
Chapter 2
Production possibilities frontier |
Keluk kemungkinan pengeluaran |
Constant opportunity cost (The opportunity cost of producing
either good is constant) |
Kos lepas malar (untuk tambah 1 unit barang,
ekonomi terpaksa kurangkan kuantiti barang lain dengan jumlah yang sama) |
Increasing opportunity cost (The opportunity cost of producing
some goods increases as more the goods are produced) |
Kos lepas meningkat (untuk tambah 1 unit barang,
ekonomi terpaksa kurangkan kuantiti barang lain dengan jumlah yang semakin
meningkat) |
Productive efficiency |
Kecekapan pengeluaran |
Productive inefficiency (Resources are not fully used) |
Ketidakcekapan pengeluaran (Pembaziran sumber) |
Fully employed |
Guna tenaga penuh |
Unemployment |
Pengangguran |
Traditional economic system |
Sistem ekonomi traditional |
Command economic system |
Sistem ekonomi perancangan pusat /
sosialis |
Market economic system |
Sistem ekonomi pasaran bebas /
kapitalis |
Mixed economic system |
Sistem ekonomi campuran |
Chapter 3
Market |
Pasaran |
Demand |
Permintaan |
Demand curve |
Keluk permintaan |
Factors causing a shift in the
demand curve |
Faktor yang mempengaruhi perubahan
pengalihan keluk permintaan |
Income (Disposable income by customer) |
Pendapatan (Pendapatan boleh guna oleh
pengguna) |
Price of substitute goods |
Harga barang pengganti |
Price of complementary goods |
Harga barang penggenap |
Number of buyers |
Bilangan pembeli |
Expectations of future prices |
Jangkaan harga untuk masa depan |
Normal good (Relationship between the consumer
income and the demand of normal good are positive) |
Barang normal (Hubungan antara pendapatan
pengguna dengan permintaan barang normal adalah positif) |
Inferior good (Relationship between the consumer
income and the demand of inferior good are negative) |
Barang bawahan (Hubungan antara pendapatan
pengguna dengan permintaan barang bawahan adalah negatif) (Contoh: beras
hancur) |
Necessity good (The demand of necessity goods is
not affected by consumer income) |
Barang mesti (Hubungan antara pendapatan
pengguna dengan permintaan barang mesti adalah sifar) (Contoh: beras) |
Preferences (Change in preferences in favor) |
Cita rasa pengguna |
Substitute goods (two goods that satisfy similar
needs or desires) (Exp : Pepsi & Coca-cola) |
Barang pengganti (Barang yang dapat menggantikan
fungsi barang lain) (Contoh: Milo dan Vico) |
Complementary goods (Two goods that are used jointly in
consumption) (Exp : Car & Petrol) |
Barang penggenap (Barang yang digunakan secara
bersama dengan barang lain) (Contoh: pen dan dakwat) |
Supply |
Penawaran |
Supply curve |
Keluk penawaran |
Factors that cause the supply curve
to shift |
Faktor yang mempengaruhi perubahan
pengalihan keluk penawaran |
Prices of relevant resources |
Harga untuk sumber pengeluaran |
Technology |
Teknologi |
Prices of other goods |
Harga barang lain |
Number of sellers |
Bilangan penjual |
Expectation of future prices |
Jangkaan harga untuk masa hadapan |
Taxes |
Cukai |
Subsidies |
Sudsidi |
Government restrictions |
Kawalan oleh kerajaan |
Market equilibrium (Equilibrium price = Equilibrium
quantity) |
Keseimbangan pasaran (Harga keseimbangan = Kuantiti
keseimbangan) |
Equilibrium price (The price at which quantity
demanded of the good equals quantity supplied) |
Harga keseimbangan (Harga yang sanggup dibayar oleh
pengguna = Harga yang sanggup diterima oleh pengeluar) |
Equilibrium quantity (The quantity that corresponds to
equilibrium price) |
Kuantiti keseimbangan (Kuantiti diminta oleh pengguna =
kuantiti ditawar oleh pengeluar) |
Surplus (Excess supply) |
Lebihan (Lebihan penawaran) |
Shortage (Excess demand) |
Kekurangan (Lebihan permintaan) |
Disequilibrium |
Ketidakseimbangan |
Consumer surplus (The maximum price is willing and
able to pay – The price actually paid) |
Lebihan pengguna (Harga yang sanggup dibayar – Harga
yang sebenar dibayar) |
Producer surplus (The actual price that received by
sellers – The minimum price for which would have sold the good) |
Lebihan pengeluar (Harga yang sebenar diterima –
Harga yang sanggup diterima) |
Chapter 4
Elasticity |
Keanjalan |
Price elasticity of demand (Ed) |
Keanjalan permintaan harga |
Elastic (1 < Ed
< ∞) |
Anjal |
Inelastic (0 < Ed
< 1) |
Tak anjal |
Unit elastic (Ed
= 1) |
Anjal satu |
Perfectly elastic (Ed
= ∞) |
Anjal sempurna |
Perfectly inelastic (Ed
= 0) |
Tak anjal sempurna |
Cross elasticity of demand (Ex) If goods are substitudes, Ex
> 0. If goods are complements, Ex
< 0. If goods are neutral, Ex
= 0. |
Keanjalan permintaan silang Bagi barang pengganti, Ex
> 0. Bagi barang penggenap, Ex
< 0. Bagi barang neutral, Ex
= 0. |
Income elasticity of demand (EY) Necessity goods (EY
= 0) Normal goods (0 < EY
< 1) Luxury goods / Superior goods (1
< EY
< ∞) Inferior goods (EY
< 0) |
Keanjalan permintaan pendapatan Bagi barang mesti, EY
= 0. Bagi barang normal, 0 < EY
< 1. Bagi barang mewah, 1 < EY
< ∞. Bagi barang bawahan, EY
< 0.
|
Price elasticity of supply (ES) |
Keanjalan penawaran harga |
Chapter 6
Firm |
Firma |
Profit |
Untung |
Revenue (Price × Output) |
Hasil (Harga × Output) |
Cost |
Kos |
Explicit cost (A cost incurred when an actual
(monetary) payment is made) |
Kos eksplisit (kos yang dibayar oleh firma dengan
wang untuk mendapatkan faktor pengeluaran yang tidak dimiliki firma berkenaan
tetapi dimiliki oleh pihak lain dalam proses pengeluaran) |
Implicit cost (A cost that represents the value
of resources used in production for which no actual (monetary) payment is
made (opportunity cost)) |
Kos implisit (kos yang ditanggung oleh firma
yang tidak melibatkan pembayaran wang untuk mendapatkan faktor pengeluaran
yang dimiliki sendiri dalam proses pengeluaran) |
Accounting profit (Total revenue – Explicit cost) |
Untung perakaunan (Jumlah hasil – Kos eksplisit) |
Economic profit (Total revenue – Explicit cost –
Implicit cost) |
Untung ekonomi (Jumlah hasil – Kos eksplisit – Kos
implisit) |
Supernormal profit (Total revenue > Total cost) |
Untung lebih normal (Jumlah hasil > Jumlah kos) |
Normal profit (Total revenue = Total cost) |
Untung normal (Jumlah hasil = Jumlah kos) |
Abnormal profit (Loss) (Total revenue < Total cost) |
Untung kurang normal (Rugi) (Jumlah hasil < Jumlah kos) |
Fixed input |
Input tetap |
Variable input |
Input berubah |
Marginal physical product (MPP) (The change in total physical
output ÷ The change in quantity of variable input) |
Keluaran fizikal sut (Perubahan jumlah keluaran fizikal
÷ Perubahan kuantiti input berubah) |
Total physical product (TPP) |
Jumlah keluaran fizikal |
Average physical product (APP) (Total physical output ÷ Quantity
of variable input) |
Keluaran fizikal purata (Jumlah keluaran fizikal ÷ kuantiti
input berubah) |
Fixed cost |
Kos tetap |
Average fixed cost (AFC) (Total fixed cost ÷ Total output) |
Kos tetap purata (Jumlah kos tetap ÷ Jumlah
keluaran) |
Variable cost |
Kos berubah |
Average variable cost (AVC) (Total variable cost ÷ Total output) |
Kos berubah purata (Jumlah kos berubah ÷ Jumlah
keluaran) |
Average cost (Total cost ÷ Total cost) |
Kos purata (Jumlah kos ÷ Jumlah keluaran) |
Total cost (Fixed cost + Variable cost) (Implicit cost + Explicit cost) |
Jumlah kos (Kos tetap + Kos berubah) (Kos implisit + Kos eksplisit) |
Marginal cost (The change of total cost ÷ The
change of total output) |
Kos sut (Perubahan jumlah kos ÷ Perubahan
jumlah keluaran) |
Sunk cost |
Kos hangus |
Long-run average cost curve |
Keluk kos purata jangka panjang |
Short-run average cost curve |
Keluk kos purata jangka pendek |
Chapter 8 & 9
Market structure |
Struktur pasaran |
Perfect competition firm |
Firma persaingan sempurna |
Average revenue (Total revenue ÷ Output) |
Hasil purata (Jumlah hasil ÷ Output) |
Marginal revenue (The change of total revenue ÷ The
change of total output) |
Hasil sut (Perubahan jumlah hasil ÷ Perubahan
output) |
Monopoly market |
Pasaran monopoli |
Price Discrimination |
Deskriminasi harga |
谢谢你们的阅读。至于Part 2,有空的话我会继续更新。
虽然忘了form 6 的economy,但看到这些马来语版本回忆起了。谢谢博主!!
ReplyDelete不客气,我也很高兴能够让你回忆起Ah yeap所教的东西,哈哈哈
Delete哎哟,糟糕!泄露身份了。
ReplyDelete